When writing data onto Flash chips, the data is divided into segments of mini-second (ms)-long program operations. These subdivided operations are written onto the Flash chips one operation at a time. The Figure here illustrates an example of a blackout occurring during multiple segments of mini-second (ms)-long program operations. A device without advanced power protection technology such as ATP’s PowerProtector can only provide limited data protection and may lose the data in the 8th mini-second-long programming operation. The data, written by the previous program operation 7 and prior operations is retained, as the data has already been written onto the Flash chips during programming operations 1 to 7. However, after a reboot, if the host tries to access the data written by program operation 8, a data error will occur.