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DIY Extremely Sensitive Geophone Sensor for Earthquake Detection
2024-02-23 | By Mirko Pavleski
License: General Public License Arduino
A geophone is a device used in geophysics to detect ground movement. It is specifically designed to measure seismic waves, which are produced by various sources, including earthquakes, and explosions. They typically consist of a mass suspended on a spring and a coil of wire within a magnetic field. When the ground shakes due to seismic activity, the mass moves, causing the coil to move within the magnetic field. This movement induces an electrical voltage in the coil.
This signal is then amplified and filtered, then it is brought to a computer where it is visualized and logged for later analysis with specially designed software for this purpose. Unfortunately, these sensors are mostly unavailable to self-builders due to their high price. This time I will describe to you how to make such a sensor yourself for free from parts that can be found in any workshop.
However, the sensitivity does not lag behind commercial geophones at all. Even this sensor reacts to shocks in all possible directions which makes it incredibly practical, in other words, it replaces many different types of Geophones. We only need a few components to make it. - A plastic container, which serves to isolate the sensor from external influences, and it is preferable to be transparent (I use an ordinary plastic box for storing sugar or coffee) - A small mains transformer taken out of an old electronic device with a power of a few watts - Neodymium magnet (I use a magnet removed from an old PC hard drive) - Aluminum or copper plate with a thickness of about 1 mm - light spring - and some nuts and bolts as needed.
This time we will make only the Geophone, and in one of the following videos I will present you the method of making the signal amplifier, filter, as well as the A/D converter, where I will try to do it in the simplest way so that it is closer to a larger number of enthusiasts who potentially would like to make it. I will also describe how to set up a simple 24/7 monitoring software to work with this sensor.
Now let's start making the sensor. First, we need to disassemble the transformer, actually separate the windings from the metal part.
This winding needs to be glued to the bottom of the box. Then we take the two leads from the winding with thin wires outside the box to a small terminal. Next, we glue the aluminum plate on top of the coil, which should have the same shape as the coil. This plate has the function of preventing the long-term oscillation of the magnet after the earthquake, and this process is called damping. When a magnetic field moves through a conductor the movement induces an eddy current in the conductor. The flow of electrons in the conductor immediately creates an opposing magnetic field which results in damping of the magnet.
The length of the combination spring + rod + screw + magnet should be adjusted so that when the lid is closed, the magnet hangs approximately 1-1.5 mm above the aluminum plate.
As you can see, the sensor is sensitive to shocks from all directions and axes. During a vertical shock, which usually occurs near the epicenter, the spring reacts, and during a horizontal movement, the pendulum can move in all directions 360 degrees. Such sensors that respond in all axes are very expensive and are used only for professional purposes. This diy geophone can be mounted on the ground using spikes or other mechanisms to ensure good contact with the Earth's surface. In some cases, geophones are buried at varying depths.
And finally, a short conclusion: This sensor is conceived as part of the final project, which will actually be a stand-alone seismometer and will display the relative intensity of the earthquake at the point of detection. Determining the direction, distance, and magnitude of an earthquake at the epicenter requires the interaction of at least three seismometers, but for this topic in another project. In the next video that I will promote soon, will be described the electronic part consisting of an amplifier, filter, A/D converter and PC software. Thus, we will get a complete extremely cheap and sensitive home seismometer whose results (seismograms) are almost identical to those of the official seismological institutes. In the following, I will present to you several reports from my seismometer, which uses the above-described sensor. 1. An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale occurred 2 October 2021 at 08:29 h Ohrid time at a depth of 530 km on the island of Vanuatu, west of Australia in the Pacific Ocean. This is how this earth looks like, taken by my Seismometer at a distance of 15600 km from Ohrid
Hong Kong, China